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Asoka of India is said to be one of India’s greatest leaders. He lived from 299-232BC. He reunited all of India under one rule for, currently, the only time in history.

Early Rule

In 273BC, at age 26, he took to the throne when his father died. He was quite successful, and he nearly doubled the size of India. However, in his bloody conquest, he took over 100,000 lives, and he grew to hate war.

Middle Years

After at least doubling India’s size, Asoka learned of just what he had truly done. He learned of the 100,000 who died during the conquest he had just finished. He also learned that at least another 150,000 were dying, injured, or wounded, and how hundreds more were committing suicide. Asoka grew weary of war, and he began to dislike, even hate, war and any other kinds of violence. He took up Buddhism as India’s state religion. However, no matter how much of a Buddhist he was, he believed in universal acceptance of all religions, saying “all of them require self-control and purity of the heart.”

Death and Legacy

Asoka died in 232BC, at age 67. His name would be virtually lost in history by now if it were not for artifacts discovered called the “Edicts of Asoka”, which are columns and boulders with many of the words and teachings of this leader of India. The Edicts describe him as a wise and wonderful man who was full of compassion and care for his people. Unfortunately, the empire this “wise and wonderful man” created lasted for only fifty years after his death. It would appear that the legacy and the memory of this man and the empire that he built will live on forever, however, as long as we have the Edicts of Asoka, especially in the hearts of Indian people all over this world. For, if the Edicts of Asoka are true at all, Asoka was a great and wonderful leader, who, like many others before and after him, will live on forever in the hearts of men and women everywhere.

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Category: Science and technology in India

Indian postage stamp commemorating the first Indian Antarctic expedition.

Indian Antarctic Program is a multi disciplinary, multi institutional program under the control of the National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India. It was initiated in 1981 with the first Indian expedition to Antarctic.

Contents

• 1 History
• 2 Organization
• 3 Global Cooperation
• 4 Research
• 5 Future
• 6 Notes
• 7 References
• 8 External links

//

History

Indian research station Maitri, located on the ice-free and rocky base of the Schirmacher Oasis.

The origins of Indian missions to the Antarctic are traced to the joint Indian Space Research Organisation-Hydrometeorological Centre of Russia agreements, which led to Indians, such as Dr. Paramjit Singh Sehra, joining the 17th Soviet Antarctic expedition of 1971-1973.

The first Indian expedition—consisting of a team of 21 members exploring the Antarctic for a brief period of 10 days— was led by. S.Z. Qasim.

The first Indian research base—named Dakshin Gangotri—was set up on the ice shelf off the Princess Astrid Coast (70°45′S 12°30′E) in central Queen Maud Land in 1983.

Suman D. Gad summarizes the characteristics of the research station Maitri (1988–89):

The second research station Maitri was set up in 1988–89 on the ice-free rocky foundation of the Schirmacher oasis. The oasis offered an ideal location to carry out multifaceted scientific expeditions in the upper atmosphere, meteorology, geomagnetism, seismology, solid rock geology and geophysics, metamorphic petrology, limnology, structure and tectonics, geomorphology and glaciology. Maitri is equipped with scientific laboratories, GPS station, seismological observatory, ice drilling, etc.

Organization

Nations of the world that have stations on the Antarctican continent as of October 2006.

The National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research—a research and development body functioning under the Minstry of Earth Sciences, Government of India—controls the Indian Antarctic program.

One expedition costs up to Rs. 20 crore (US$ 4.04 million).

Global Cooperation

Antarctic Treaty System:      signatory, consulting, territorial claim.     signatory, consulting, reserved right for territorial claim.     signatory, consulting.     signatory, acceding status.     non-signatory.

The Indian Antarctic program is bound by the rules of the Antarctic Treaty System, which India signed in 1983. Pandey (2007) outlines the various international activities that India has undertaken as a part of its Antarctic program:

On 12 September 1983, India achieved the status of Consultative Party, on 1 October became a member of Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR), and in 1986 became a member of the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR). In 1997 India also ratified the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty thus reaffirming India’s commitment to protection the Antarctic environment. India hosted the eleventh COMNAP/SCALOP (Standing Committee on Antarctic Logistics and Operations) meeting in Goa in 1999, and the working group meeting on eco-system monitoring and management of CCAMLR in August 1998 at Cochin. India occupied the CCAMLR chair begining in November 1998 for a period of 2 years.

India also collaborates with the international community as a member of the Inter Governmental Oceanographic Commission, Regional Committee of Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission in Coastal Indian Ocean (IOCINDIO), International Sea-Bed Authority (ISBA), and the State Parties of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas (UNCLOS).

Research

Antarctic holds scientific interest for global research projects due to a number of reasons: ‘Origin of continents, climate change, meteorology and pollution’ are among the reasons cited by S.D. Gad (2008).

Krill distribution on a NASA SeaWIFS image — the main concentrations are in the Scotia Sea at the Antarctic Peninsula. India carries out krill exploration in the Southern Ocean region of the Antarctic.

Close to 1,300 Indians had been to the continent as of 2001 as a part of the country’s Antarctic program.

The ‘ice cores’ retrieved by drilling holes in Antarctic’s vast ice-sheets yield information ‘on the palaeoclimate and eco-history of the earth as records of wind-blown dust, volcanic ash or radioactivity are preserved in the ice as it gets accumulated over time’.

Future

India also plans to begin similar research activity in the Arctic. Walawalkar (2005) summarizes the Government of India’s decision to consider another base in the Antarctic:

An additional station, third, for India would be coming up in Antartica in future. Only 2% of the area in Antarctica is icefree and is ideal for the new station location. A team of Indian scientists from Geological Survey of India has carried out the initial survey for the location for the station and has recommended a site. This site is at the Larsemann Hill with latitude ~70° South and longitude 76° East. The new station is expected to be two days away by ship from Maitri.

Notes

1. ^ a b c Walawalkar (2005), Gad (2008).
2. ^ a b c d e f g h Pandey (2007).
3. ^ a b The Indian Institute of Geomagnetism: Research-Antarctica, Department of Science and Technology, Government of India.
4. ^ a b c Pursuit and Promotion of Science - The Indian Experience, page 352
5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Gad (2008).
6. ^ 24 Antarctic expeditions and 4 ’special expeditions’ to the continent according to P.C. Pandey, p. 529.
7. ^ Pursuit and Promotion of Science - The Indian Experience, p. 351.
8. ^ a b c d e f Walawalkar (2005)
9. ^ Pursuit and Promotion of Science - The Indian Experience, pp. 173, 213.

References

• Gad, S. D. (2008), “India in the Antarctic”, Current Science, 95 (2): 151, Indian Academy of Sciences.
• Pandey, P.C. (2007) in “India: Antarctic Program”, Encyclopedia of the Antarctic edited by Beau Riffenburgh, pp. 529–530, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-415-97024-5.
• Pursuit and Promotion of Science - The Indian Experience (2001), New Delhi: Indian National Science Academy.
• Walawalkar, M. G. (2005), “Antarctica and Arctic: India’s contribution”, Current Science, 88 (5): pp. 684–685, Indian Academy of Sciences.

External links

• National Centre for Antarctic & Ocean Research (NCAOR), Minstry of Earth Sciences, Government of India.

Part of a series on Science and technology in India

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Categories: Science and technology in India | Science and technology in Antarctica

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Bokkisam is a name derived from sanskrit, bakasam meaning treasure. This is a family name of the residents of Balija/Kapu subsect of Hindus living in Andhra Pradesh. They are customerily residents of Kakumanu in Guntur dist of the State. Most of the members of the family are into agrarian business and farmers, of late there is an increase of education and people have been moving out of their traditional jobs.

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This is the list of topics related to the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir

• Kashmir region
• Kashmiriyat - a socio-cultural ethos of religious harmony and Kashmiri consciousness.
• Kashmir (disambiguation)
• Kashmir (song) - Signature song from album ‘Physical Graffiti’ by band Led Zeppelin
• Kashmiri literature
• Kashmiri music
• Vaishno Devi Mandir is one of the holiest Hindu temples.
• Amarnath is one of the most famous and holiest of Hindu temples, dedicated to Lord Shiva, located in Kashmir, India.
• Jammu
• Line of Control Kashmir
• Kargil War or the Indo-Pakistani War of 1999
• LOC Kargil, a 2003 Cinema of India war film based on “Kargil War” or the “Indo-Pakistani War of 1999″, directed by J.P.Dutta
• Indian Kashmir barrier

Contents

• 1 History
• 2 People
• 3 Misc
• 4 External links

//

History

• History of Jammu and Kashmir - History post partition is covered on this page.
• Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir) to the Country / Dominion of India
• History of the Kashmir conflict - Information about the conflict is covered here.
• Timeline of the Kashmir conflict
• Kashmiri Pandit
• Dynasties of Ancient Kashmir

People

• Karan Singh, son of Maharaja Hari Singh, politician and diplomat,
• Hari Singh, the last ruling Maharaja
• The royal house of Jammu and Kashmir
• Nawang Kapadia
• List of Kashmiris
• List of people from Jammu and Kashmir
• Rajatarangini - Sanskrit book written by Kalhana sometime during 1147–1149 CE, detailing the history of Kashmir.
• Harsha of Kashmir
• Dogra
• Shaikh Abdullah, Politician

Misc

• Cuisine of Kashmir
• Terrorism in Kashmir
• Roza Bal - The purported tomb of Jesus in Srinagar
• Kashmir Shaivism
• Buddhism in Kashmir
• Baltistan
• Shaksgam
• Sudhan
• Northern Areas
• History of Ladakh
• Ladakh
• Balti People
• Tibet
• Pamir Mountains
• Cashmere
• Cashmere wool
• Reasi, Reasi District
• Wakhan
• 2005 Kashmir earthquake

External links

• Daily Etalaat, English & Urdu daily newspaper published from J&K
• Daily Roshni, Urdu daily newspaper published from Jammu and Kashmir
• Daily Excelsior, English daily newspaper published from Jammu
• Greater Kashmir,daily newspaper from Kashmir
• Kashmir Observer, Leading English daily from Kashmir
• Kashmir Network
• Heritage of Kashmir- Official Website of Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage Jammu & Kashmir Chapter
• Official website of the Jammu and Kashmir Government (from India)
• Kashmir Revisited Photogallery
• Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board
• Site dedicated to socio-cultural, political and current affairs in Kashmir
• Kashmiri Pandits
• Jammu District

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

v • d • e

Jammu and Kashmir topics

History

History of Kashmir · Kashyapa · Dynasties of ancient Kashmir · Kambojas · Lalitaditya Muktapida · Didda · Islamic invasions of India · Zain-ul-Abidin · Sayyid Dynasty · Durrani Empire · Dogra Empire · Sikh Empire · Mughal dynasty · British East India Company · Gulab Singh · Zorawar Singh · Jamwal · Indian rebellion of 1857 · British Raj · Indian independence movement · Kashmir Committee · Partition of India · Hari Singh · Kashmir conflict · Indo-Pakistani wars · Violence in Kashmir

Government
and politics

Jammu & Kashmir National Conference · Jammu and Kashmir People’s Democratic Party · Instrument of Accession · Article 370 · All Parties Hurriyat Conference · 1974 Indira-Sheikh accord · Shimla Accord · Sheikh Abdullah  · Karan Singh

Culture and
places

Kashmiriyat  · Music · Cuisine · Shikaras · Pashmina · Basohli Paintings · Hinduism · Kaśmir Śaivism · Sikhism · Islam
Korzok Monastery  · Vaishno Devi · Amarnath · Gulmarg · Pahalgam · Zanskar · Forts · National parks · Lakes

Districts

Anantnag · Bandipora · Baramulla · Badgam · Doda · Ganderbal · Jammu · Kargil · Kathua · Kishtwar · Kulgam · Kupwara · Leh · Poonch · Pulwama · Rajouri · Ramban · Reasi · Samba · Shopian · Srinagar · Udhampur

Main cities
and towns

Anantnag · Baramulla · Doda · Jammu · Kargil · Kathua · Kupwara · Ladakh · Poonch · Pulwama · Rajauri · Srinagar · Udhampur

Other topics

Kashmir Railway · Indian Kashmir barrier · Tourism · United Nations in Kashmir

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir-related_articles”
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Contents

• 1 Ahmedabad
• 2 Bangalore
• 3 Bhubaneswar
• 4 Chandigarh
• 5 Chennai
• 6 Dharamsala
• 7 Hyderabad
• 8 Kolkata
• 9 Mumbai
• 10 Nalanda
• 11 New Delhi
• 12 References

//

Ahmedabad

• Calico Museum of Textiles

Bangalore

• Visvesvaraya Industrial And Technological Museum

Bhubaneswar

• Orissa State Museum

Chandigarh

• Government Museum and Art Gallery

Chennai

• Government Museum

Dharamsala

• Library of Tibetan Works and Archives

Hyderabad

• Salarjung Museum

Kolkata

• Birla Industrial & Technological Museum
• Indian Museum
• Rabindra Bharati Museum

Mumbai

• Prince of Wales Museum

Nalanda

• Nalanda Archaeological Museum

New Delhi

• Gandhi Museum
• National Museum
• National Rail Museum
• Nehru Museum & Planetarium
• Shankar’s International Dolls Museum

References

v • d • e

List of museums in Asia

Sovereign
states

Afghanistan · Armenia1 · Azerbaijan1 · Bahrain · Bangladesh · Bhutan · Brunei · Burma2 · Cambodia · People’s Republic of China · Cyprus1 · East Timor3 · Egypt4 · Georgia1 · India · Indonesia · Iran · Iraq · Israel · Japan · Jordan · Kazakhstan4 · North Korea · South Korea · Kuwait · Kyrgyzstan · Laos · Lebanon · Malaysia · Maldives · Mongolia · Nepal · Oman · Pakistan · Philippines · Qatar · Russia4 · Saudi Arabia · Singapore · Sri Lanka · Syria · Tajikistan · Republic of China5 · Thailand · Turkey4 · Turkmenistan · United Arab Emirates · Uzbekistan · Vietnam · Yemen

Dependencies,
autonomies,
other territories

Aceh · Adjara1 · Abkhazia1 · Akrotiri and Dhekelia · Altai · British Indian Ocean Territory · Buryatia · Christmas Island · Cocos (Keeling) Islands · Guangxi · Hong Kong · Inner Mongolia · Iraqi Kurdistan · Jakarta · Khakassia · Macau · Nagorno-Karabakh · Nakhchivan · Ningxia · Northern Cyprus · Palestine (Gaza Strip · West Bank) · Papua · Sakha · South Ossetia1 · Tibet · Tuva · West Papua · Xinjiang · Yogyakarta

Italics indicates an unrecognised or partially recognised country.  1 Sometimes included in Europe, depending on the border definitions.  2 Also known as Myanmar.  3 Sometimes included in Oceania, and also known as Timor-Leste.  4 Transcontinental country.  5 Commonly known as Taiwan. 

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The Constitution of India includes official names of the Republic of India in each of the twenty-three Schedule VIII languages of India (Union meaning the Union Government located in Delhi). Kannada, Telugu, Tamil and Sanskrit are officially classical languages of India.

Language
Long form
English Pronunciation
Short form

Assamese

ভাৰত গণৰাজ্য

Bhārôt Gôṇôrājÿô

ভাৰত
Bharot

Bengali

ভারত গণরাজ্য

Bʰārôt Gôṇôrājÿô

ভারত
Bharot

English
Republic of India

India

Gujarati

ભારતીય પ્રજાસત્તાક

Bhartiya Prajasattak

ભારત

Hindi

भारत गणराज्य

Bhārat Gaṇarājy

भारत
Bhārat

Kannada

ಭಾರತ ಗಣರಾಜ್ಯ

Bʰārata Gaṇarājya

ಭಾರತ
Bʰārata

Kashmiri

ہِندوستان

Hindustān

Konkani

भारोत गोणराज

भारोत

Malayalam

ഭാരതം

Bhāratam

ഭാരതം
Bhāratam

Manipuri (also Meitei or Meithei)

ভারত গণরাজ্য

ভারত

Marathi

भारतीय प्रजासत्ताक

Bhartiya Prajasattak

भारत
Bhārat

Nepali

भारत गणराज्य

Bʰārat Gaṇarādzya

भारत
Bʰārat

Oriya

ଭାରତ ଗଣରାଜ୍ଯ

Bharata Ganarajya

ଭାରତ
Bharata

Punjabi

ਭਾਰਤ ਗਣਤੰਤਰ

Bhārat Gantantar

ਭਾਰਤ
Bhārat

Sindhi

भारत गणराज्य, ڀارت،
هندستانڀارت،

भारत,
ڀارت،

Tamil

இந்தியக் குடியரசு

Indiyak-kudiyarasu

இந்தியா
India

Telugu

భారత గణతంత్ర రాజ్యము

Bʰārata Gaṇataṇtra Rājyamu

భారత్
Bhārath

Urdu

بھارت

Jumhūrīyat-e Bhārat

بھارت
Bhārat

See also

• Names of India
• Hindustan

References

1. ^ “Eighth Schedule”. National Informatics Centre (NIC) (2007). Retrieved on 2007-06-26.
2. ^ Template:Cite web..
3. ^ “CIA Factbook: India”. CIA. Retrieved on 2007-03-10.

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Please improve this article if you can. (November 2008)

Potta is a village coming under Chalakudy municipality. Chalakudy is a city and a municipality in Thrissur district in the state of Kerala, India.

Athirappilly is twenty eight kilometres from Potta, and Vazhachal water falls is thirty four kilometres. The above two places are tourist places and that attracts more and more people there and also new new busineses. In this route are two water theme parks: Dream World and Silver Storm.

The name “Chalakudy” is derived from the word “Shalakudy”, meaning a place where sacrifices are made

Interesting places around Chalakudy

Chalakudy River (3 kilometre from Potta, to the south on NH-47 highway); it has one of the highest fish diversities in India(second in the whole india)

Divine Retreat Centre, Muringoor. Christian prayer centre, situated near the railway station. (Just 6 K.M)

Popular Mission Center, Potta - previously known as Divine Retreat Centre, Potta. A brother concern of Divine Retreat Center (near NH-47 highway).The annual Potta Bible Convention takes place here in January every year, which attracts 1 million Christians from all over the world.

Dream World Water Theme Park (8km east of Town; en route to the Athirappally water falls).

Thumboormuzhy Check Dam & Garden (12 km east of Town; en route to the Athirappilly waterfalls).

Oil palm Plantation (15km from Town; en route to the Athirappilly waterfalls.

Silver Storm Water Theme Park (17km east of Town; en route to theAthirappilly waterfalls).

Athirappilly Waterfalls (28km east of Town).

Ezhattumukham (12km from Athirappilly; on the Angamaly route via Vettilappara bridge).

Charpa Falls ( The enchanting but lesser known Charpa falls, which plunges on to the road during the monsoon, is a sight to watch and enjoy.) (30km east of Town; after Athirappilly waterfalls).

Vazhachal falls and Resorts (33km east of Town; after Athirappilly waterfalls).

Anakkayam ( About 35km from Potta on the Athirappilly route, Anakkayam means the “Elephant pit”. It is noted for a lake with cool and placid waters. The place is a forest untouched by human encroachments and is a haven for those who wish to escape from concrete jungles. It attracts the visitor with its bubbling streams, natural rock formations and flora).

Peringalkuthu Hydro Electric Project Dam (36km from Town; in the direction of the Athirappilly water falls).

Sholayar Dam Hydro Electric project.

Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary.

Temples

Potta Pambambottu Siva Temple(one of the famous Siva temple in the near by places and come under Koodal Manikyam Devaswam, Irinjalakuda)

Madathil kavu Temple(one of Devi temple)

Parakotikalingal Temple(one of Devi temple)

Churches Little flower Church Potta

Mosque

Jumamasjid there just 3 k.m away

How To Reach Potta is conveniently connected by air, rail and road. Located very close to the National Highway 47, it is 26 km south of Thrissur, 48 km north of Ernakulam, and 25 km from Cochin International Airport (Nedumbassery), which is accessed by many major airlines, including British Airways. Chalakudy railway station is just five kilometers away, Enquiry number ( 0480-2701368).

Chalakudy Town –Vazhachal road (state highway- 21) is a rubberised two- lane road.

Educational Institutions in and around Potta

SL Name of School Started On Italic text

1 Government Vocational Higher Secondary School 1895

2 Government East High School 1895

3 Government Girls High School 1906

4 St Antony’s C.G.H.S, Kottat 1919

5 Government High School, V R Puram 1920

6 Sacred Heart Higher Secondary Girls School 1925

7 K.E.C.U.P School, Potta 1936

8 St Mary’s L.P School 1940

9 I.R.M.L.P School 1953

10 Government L.P School 1960

11 Carmel Higher Secondary School 1975

12 C.K.M.N.S.S Higher Secondary School 1980

13 Vyasa Vidyanikethan High School 1996

14 Crescent Public School 1997

15 C.M.I Public School 1998

College

1 Panampilli Govinda Menon Government College Potta

Politics

Chalakudi assembly constituency is part of Mukundapuram (Lok Sabha constituency).

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