Racindia

All or part of this article may be confusing or unclear.
Please help clarify the article. Suggestions may be on the talk page. (February 2007)

Muhammad Bazlul Haq (1923-1985) was a left-wing peasant leader, social revolutionary and prolific author in the Bangla language.

He was one of the prominent leaders of the Krishok Proja Party(Peasants and Subjects Party founded by Sher-e-Bangla A.K. Fazlul Huq) from the Tripura district. During the British colonial period he played a crucial role behind the peasants uprising for land-rights in the undivided Tripura region.

He translated Rumi’s Mesnawi, Engels’s Anti-Dühring and a number of other socialist classics into Bangla. All were published in the 1940s.

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Bazlul_Haq”
Categories: 1923 births | 1985 deaths | Indian peopleHidden category: Wikipedia articles needing clarification

Please help improve this article or section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page or at requests for expansion. (May 2008)

India

This article is part of the series:
Politics and government of India

Union Government

Constitution of India
Fundamental Rights

Executive

President
Vice President
Prime Minister
The Cabinet

Parliament

Rajya Sabha
The Chairman 
Lok Sabha
 The Speaker

Judiciary
Supreme Court of India
Chief Justice of India
High Courts
District Courts

Elections

Election Commission
Chief Election Commissioner

Political Parties

National Parties
State Parties

National Coalitions
Left Front
National Democratic Alliance
United Progressive Alliance

Local & State Govt.

Governor
State Legislature
Vidhan Sabha
Vidhan Parishad
Panchayat

Other countries ·  Politics Portal
Government of India Portal
 view • talk • edit 

The term Chief Justice of India refers to the highest judge in the Supreme Court of India. This also makes it the highest judicial position obtainable by a judge in India. The Chief Justice not only heads the administrative functions of the Supreme Court but also sits actively as a presiding judge in Court No. 1 of the Supreme Court of India.

On the administrative side, the Chief Justice carries out the following functions;

• allocation of matters to various other judges of the Supreme Court
• maintenance of roaster
• appointment of court officials
• general and other miscellaneous matters relating to supervision and functioning of the Supreme Court.

As the chief judge, the Chief Justice is also responsible for the allocation of cases and appointment of constitutional benches which deal with important matters of law. In terms of Article 145 of the Constitution of India and the Supreme Court Rules of Procedure of 1966, the Chief Justice allocates the work to the other judges who are bound to refer the matter to him in case they require the matter to be looked into by a bench of higher strength.

Contents

• 1 Appointment of Chief Justice of India
• 2 Trivia
• 3 Chief Justices of Supreme Court of India
• 4 Other notable judges
• 5 See also
• 6 External links

//

Appointment of Chief Justice of India

Under the Constitution of India, in terms of Article 124 the manner of appointment of the judges to the Supreme Court was provided. However there was no specific provision as to the appointment of the Chief Justice to the Supreme Court. Therefore the process for the appointment of the judges to the Supreme Court was followed for the Chief Justice as well. This in practice meant that the most senior judge in the Supreme Court would be proposed by the Government of India to the President who would approve the same and thus the Chief Justice would be appointed. Here seniority did not mean the age but meant the seniority within the Supreme Court. Therefore the judge with the most experience in the Supreme Court was generally nominated by the Government and he would be appointed as the Chief Justice.

However this convention was breach on a number of occasions, most notable of which was the appointment of Chief Justice A.N. Ray who was appointed as the Chief Justice superseding three judges who were senior to him. This was done during the time when Indira Gandhi was the Prime Minister of India. This was allegedly done as he was considered liberal and understood to be supporting the government in its actions and Indira Gandhi, who at that times was facing constitutional crisis, with her appointment being challenged by activist Raj Narain and major legal barriers remained to her continuance as the Prime Minister.

After the Emergency, the Supreme Court in a series of historical decisions conferred a lot of powers to itself. One of these was the declaration (in the constitutional bench S.P. Gupta - II case) that the Government of India would be bound to nominate only the senior-most judge of the Supreme Court for the position of Chief Justice, thereby ruling out any possible abuse by the Government or its ability to influence the judiciary. Since then the convention has been followed without any exceptions.

Once appointed, the Chief Justice remains in office until his retirement or unless removed by impeachment or by resignation.

Trivia

• In terms of Article 60 of the Constitution of India the Chief Justice of India administers oath of office to the President of India.
• In the absence of the Vice-President of India and the President of India, it is the Chief Justice who serves as the Acting-President of India.
• The Chief Justice is the ex-officio Chancellor/Visitor to most autonomous law schools in India
• There has been no female Chief Justice of India till date. Justice Ruma Pal, who was appointed as the judge of the Supreme Court on January 28, 2000 could have been the first female Chief Justice of India had she been appointed two days earlier. However on January 26, 2000, Justice Y.K. Sabharwal was appointed as a judge of the Supreme Court and thus he acquired seniority over her by two days and went on to become the Chief Justice of India.
• Justice H. J. Kania who became the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court was in fact the Chief Justice of the Federal Court of India, which was the predecessor to the Supreme Court of India, before being transferred to and being appointed the Chief Justice of India.

Chief Justices of Supreme Court of India

No.
Name
Took office
Left office
Originating State
Major decisions during tenure as Chief Justice

01
H. J. Kania
August 15, 1947
November 16, 1951
Bombay (now Maharashtra)

02
M. P. Sastri
November 16, 1951
January 3, 1954
Madras (now Tamil Nadu)

03
Mehr Chand Mahajan
January 3, 1954
December 22, 1954
Lahore/Kashmir

04
B. K. Mukherjea
December 22, 1954
January 31, 1956
West Bengal

05
Sudhi Ranjan Das
January 31, 1956
September 30, 1959
West Bengal

06
Bhuvaneshwar Prasad Sinha
September 30, 1959
January 31, 1964
Bihar

07
P. B. Gajendragadkar
January 31, 1964
March 15, 1966
Bombay (now Maharashtra)

08
A. K. Sarkar
March 16, 1966
June 29, 1966
West Bengal

09
K. Subba Rao
June 30, 1966
April 11, 1967
Madras (now Tamil Nadu)

10
K. N. Wanchoo
April 12, 1967
February 24, 1968
Uttar Pradesh

11
M. Hidayatullah
February 25, 1968
December 16, 1970
present Chattisgarh

12
J. C. Shah
December 17, 1970
January 21, 1971
present Gujarat

13
S. M. Sikri
January 22, 1971
April 25, 1973
Punjab

14
A. N. Ray
April 25, 1973
January 28, 1977
West Bengal

15
Mirza Hameedullah Beg
January 29, 1977
February 21, 1978
Uttar Pradesh

16
Y. V. Chandrachud
February 22, 1978
July 11, 1985
Bombay (now Maharashtra)

17
P. N. Bhagwati
July 12, 1985
December 20, 1986
Bombay (now Maharashtra)

18
R. S. Pathak
December 21, 1986
June 6, 1989
Uttar Pradesh

19
E. S. Venkataramiah
June 19, 1989
December 17, 1989
Mysore (now Karnataka)

20
S. Mukharji
December 18, 1989
September 25, 1990
West Bengal

21
Ranganath Misra
September 25, 1990
November 24, 1991
Orissa

22
Kamal Narain Singh
November 25, 1991
December 12, 1991
Uttar Pradesh

23
M. H. Kania
December 13, 1991
November 17, 1992
Maharashtra

24
L. M. Sharma
November 18, 1992
February 11, 1993
Bihar

25
M. N. Venkatachaliah
February 12, 1993
October 24, 1994
Karnataka

26
A. M. Ahmadi
October 25, 1994
March 24, 1997
Gujarat

27
J. S. Verma
March 25, 1997
January 18, 1998
Madhya Pradesh

28
M. M. Punchhi
January 18, 1998
October 9, 1998
Punjab

29
A. S. Anand
October 10, 1998
November 1, 2001
Jammu & Kashmir

30
S. P. Bharucha
November 2, 2001
May 6, 2002
Maharashtra

31
B. N. Kirpal
May 6, 2002
November 11, 2002
Delhi

32
G. B. Pattanaik
November 11, 2002
December 19, 2002
Orissa

33
V. N. Khare
December 19, 2002
May 2, 2004
Uttar Pradesh

34
Rajendra Babu
May 2, 2004
June 1, 2004
Karnataka

35
R. C. Lahoti
June 1, 2004
November 1, 2005
Uttar Pradesh

36
Y. K. Sabharwal
November 1, 2005
January 14, 2007
Delhi
Land Ceiling Case (M.C. Mehta v. Union of India)

37
K. G. Balakrishnan
January 14, 2007
(incumbent)
Kerala
reservation case (Youth for Equality v. Union of India)

Other notable judges

Since the appointment to the office of the Chief Justice of India has been by convention on basis of seniority, the procedure has been criticised by various jurists and cosntitutional experts as being averse to talent and non-recognition of leading abilities. On this count various judges of the Supreme Court are named who showed inspiring leadership ability but because of the seniority rule could not become the Chief Justice of India. Some of these names have been;

• Justice H.R. Khanna who delivered the landmark dissent in Habeas Corpus case.
• Justice V.R. Krishna Iyer known for his human right approach and literary merit in decision-making.
• Justice R.S. Sarkaria known for his immaculate understanding of Administrative law etc.
• Justice O.P. Chennappa Reddy for his landmark decisions on constitutional law.

See also

• Supreme Court of India
• Constitution of India
• Indian Law

External links

• Official website of Supreme Court of India
• Photo Gallery of Former Chief Justices of India

 This article about government in India is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India”
Categories: Indian government stubs | Lists of judges | Government of India | Supreme Court of India | Indian judges | Chief Justices of IndiaHidden categories: Articles to be expanded since May 2008 | All articles to be expanded

“Indo-Persian culture” refers to those Persian aspects that have been integrated into or absorbed into South Asian civilization, and in particular, into the civilization of what we would generally consider to be “northern” India, parts of modern-day Pakistan, as well as cities like Hyderbad located in the Deccan Peninsula.

Introduction: With Persian language and culture being introduced to the subcontinent sometime during or after the tenth century CE and with the Persian language and culture attaining official patronage during the era of the Great Mughals (1526-1707), the influence of Persian literature, and cultural generally, as well as the absorption of Persian language into the northern Indian vernacular has received both scholarly attention and has been the subject also of popular discourse.

Indo-Persian Culture in Contemporary India and Pakistan: The decline of Indo-Persian culture is not only controversial but problematic, particularly since Indo-Persian culture has helped produce certain composite traditions within the subcontinent that survive to this day, of which the Urdu language and literature is notable. The legacy of Indo-Persinate culture moreover can also be seen in much of the Mughal architecture within Lahore, Delhi and Agra, latterly of which the Taj Mahal is world renowned. In many ways, the absorption and assimilation of Persian or Persianate culture within India may be compared to the gradual (if sometimes problematic) absorption of English, British or Western culture generally of which the English language is perhaps the most notable and controversial within both India and Pakistan today. The influence of Persian language moreover may be seen in the considerable proportion of loan words absorbed into the vernaculars of the north and north-west of the subcontinent including Punjabi, Urdu, Hindi, Kashmiri and Pashto as well as by the presence of Dari or “Afghan” Persian.

History of Indo-Persian Culture: With the presence of Muslim culture in the region in the Ghaznavid period, Lahore and Uchh were established as centers of Persian literature. Abu al-Faraj Runi and Masud Sad Salman (d. 1121) were the two earliest major Indo-Persian poets based in Lahore. The earliest of the “great” Indo-Persian poets was Amir Khusrao (d. 1325) of Delhi, who has since attained iconic subcontinent within the subcontinent as, among other things, the “father” of both modern Hindi and Urdu literature.

The Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Era: Indo-Persian culture flourished to varying degrees alongside Turkish or Turkic culture during the period of the Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526). The invasion of Babur in 1526, the end of the Delhi Sultanate, and the establishment of what would become the Mughal Empire would usher the golden age of Indo-Persian culture with particular reference to the art and architecture of the Mughal era.

The Mughal Era to the British Raj: Persian persisted as the language of the Mughal regime up to and including the year 1707 which marked the death of the Emperor Aurangzeb, generally considered the last of the “Great Mughals”. Thereafter, with the decline of the Mughal empire, the 1739 invasion of Delhi by Nadir Shah and the gradual growth of European power within the subcontinent, Persian or Persianate culture commenced a period of decline although it nevertheless enjoyed patronage and may even have flourished within the many regional “empires” or kingdoms of the subcontinent including that of the Sikh “Maharaja” Ranjit Singh (r. 1799-1837).

Persian as a language of governance and education was abolished in 1839 by the British and the last Mughal emperor Bahadhur Shah Zafar, even if his was rule was purely symbolic or ceremonial, was overthrown in 1857 by the British.

After the British Raj: Given that the Mughals had historically symbolized Indo-Persian culture to one degree or another, the overthrow of Bahadhur Shah Zafar and the institution of the British Raj in 1858 may be considered as marking the end of the Indo-Persian era, even if, after 1857, Persian would still retain an audience and even produce commendable literature such as the philosophical poetry of Muhammad Iqbal (d. 1938).

Further reading

• Waris Kirmani. Dreams Forgotten: An Anthology of Indo-Persian Poetry. (Aligarh, 1984)
• Nabi Hadi. Dictionary of Indo-Persian Literature. (New Delhi, 1995)

 This India-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture”
Categories: India stubs | Persian culture | Indian culture

The Billa Ranga Kidnapping Case was a notorious crime in New Delhi in 1978. Two children, Geeta and Sanjay Chopra, were kidnapped by two young men, Billa and Ranga (Kuljeet Singh), who planned to demand ransom from the parents of the children. Their plans when awry when the car they were in got collided with a public bus and they subsequently murdered the children and fled from Delhi. They were arrested on a train a few months later, tried, and hanged for the crime in 1982.

Contents

• 1 The kidnapping
• 2 The trial
• 3 Aftermath
• 4 Film and literature
• 5 References

//

The kidnapping

The children were reported missing on 26th August 1978 and their bodies discovered on 29th August 1978. It later transpired that they had been kidnapped while hitching a ride from outside the gated community, Dhaula Kuan, where they lived.

The trial

Aftermath

In 1978, the Indian Council for Child Welfare instituted two bravery awards for children under the age of 16, the Sanjay Chopra award and the Geeta Chopra award.

The Janata Party, which was ruling Delhi at the time of the incident, was defeated in the 1978 elections partly because of its handling of the Billa Ranga case.

Film and literature

References

1. ^ Kuljeet Singh alias Ranga vs. Union of India (UOI) and Anr (21.04.1981 - SC)
2. ^ Corruption in India by K. N. Gupta. New Delhi, Anmol Publications, 2001. p. 261.
3. ^ The National Bravery Awards for Indian Children
4. ^ The Hindu : Rising crime graph worries BJP

 This India-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billa_Ranga_Kidnapping_Case”
Categories: Crime in India | India stubsHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since June 2008

The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) is a non-government, not-for-profit, industry-led and industry-managed organisation, playing a proactive role in India’s development process. The organisation works to create and sustain an environment conducive to the growth of industry in India, partnering industry and government alike through advisory and consultative processes. The confederation is headquartered in New Delhi. Mr. Chandrajit Banerjee has been appointed has the new Director General of the confederation.

Contents

• 1 Function
• 2 History
• 3 Membership
• 4 Publication
• 5 Library
• 6 Trade Fair
• 7 See also
• 8 External links

//

Function

CII catalyses change by working closely with government on policy issues, enhancing efficiency, competitiveness and expanding business opportunities for industry through a range of specialised services and global linkages. It also provides a platform for sectoral consensus building and networking. Major emphasis is laid on projecting a positive image of business, assisting industry identify and execute corporate citizenship programmes. CII undertakes extensive research, interacts with key government officials and disseminates information through regular publications, seminars and events.

With 60 offices in India, 8 overseas in Australia, Austria, China, France, Japan, Singapore, UK, USA and institutional partnerships with 271 counterpart organisations in 100 countries, CII serves as a reference point for Indian industry and the international business community.

History

CII was established in 1895. The initial partners were five engineering firms, all members of the Bengal Chamber of Commerce and Industry. In the beginning, the name of the organisation was Engineering and Iron Trades Association (EITA). EITA was set up with a goal to pressurise the British government to place government orders for iron and steel and engineering goods with companies based in India (the practice then was to place government orders with firms based in UK). The name was subsequently changed to Indian Engineering Association (IEA), Engineering Association of India (EAI), Association of Indian Engineering Industry (AIEI), Confederation of Engineering Industry (CEI) and finally to Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) in 1992.

Membership

CII Founded over 112 years ago, it is India’s premier business association, with a direct membership of over 7000 organisations from the private as well as public sectors, including SMEs and MNCs and indirect membership of over 90,000 companies from around 362 national and regional sectoral associations.

Publication

CII brings out research reports on various segments of Indian industry. To know more about the publications, please visit http://cii.in/publication/publications.php?menu_id=62&cid=1.

Library

Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) Library is the Central Library & Information Centre of CII headquarters and has prime objective of supporting information needs of its members and staff. Library’s main objective is to acquire, maintain and enhance access to business information available in print and non-print formats relevant to the research needs of library patrons.

Library has large collection on various segments of Indian industry. The collection comprises mainly books, journals, CDs, audio-visuals, photographs and grey documents. Resources include CII publications and conference proceedings, national & international statistics, national & international directories and databases, exhibitor catalogues, corporate laws, and other documents such as Working papers, Govt. reports, annual reports of Companies, Ministries and Govt. Departments. Digital collection includes documents such as proceedings, presentations, statistical databases, industrial directories, digital books, annual reports and online databases.

Services offered are reference and referral, document delivery, current awareness and database search. Library caters to the information needs of all those interested in business and industry: Entrepreneurs, Government officials, students, researchers, librarians, analysts, investors, and journalists. Customised information is also provided on request.

The library remains open for research and reference from Monday to Friday, 9.00 a.m. to 5.00 p.m. IST.

Trade Fair

Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) organises trade fairs to promote Indian industry. Some of the flagship trade fairs are: IETF, Auto Expo, Agrotech, IMME, etc. CII has been organizing a biannual trade fair called IETF India since 1975 providing platform for Buyer – Seller Interactions for international and Indian audience. It attracted a participation of 1,15,000 in 2005 (the last time it was organized) it’s next edition IETF India 2007 is scheduled to start from 13th Feb2007.

See also

• FICCI
• Indian Merchants’ Chamber

External links

• CII New Web Site
• CII web site

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_of_Indian_Industry”
Categories: Economy of India | Auto show organizers

Contents

• 1 Urdu text
• 2 Roman Transliteration
• 3 Translation
• 4 Notes and References
• 5 See also
• 6 External links

//

Saare Jahan Se Achchha (Urdu:سارے جہاں سے اچھا, Hindi: सारे जहां से अच्छा) is one of the enduring patriotic poems of the Urdu language. Written originally for children in the ghazal style of Urdu poetry by poet Muhammad Iqbal, the poem was published in the weekly journal Ittehad on 16 August 1904. Recited by Iqbal the following year at Government College, Lahore, now in Pakistan, it quickly became an anthem of opposition to the British rule in India. The song, an ode to Hindustan—the land comprising present-day Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan—both celebrated and cherished the land even as it lamented its age-old anguish. Also known as Tarana-e-Hindi (Urdu: ترانۂ ہندی “Anthem of the People of Hindustan”), it was later published in 1924 in the Urdu book Bang-i-Dara.

Iqbal was a lecturer at the Government College, Lahore at that time, and was invited by student Lala Har Dayal to preside over a function. Instead of delivering a speech, Iqbal sang Saare Jahan Se Achcha. The song, in addition to embodying yearning and attachment to the land of Hindustan, expressed “cultural memory” and had an elegiac quality. In 1905, the 27-year old Iqbal was still in his idealistic phase and viewed the future society of the subcontinent as both a pluralistic and composite Hindu-Muslim culture. Later that year he left for Europe for a three-year sojourn that was to transform him into an Islamic philosopher and a visionary of a future Islamic society.

In 1910, Iqbal wrote another song for children, Tarana-e-Milli (Anthem of the Religious Community), which was composed in the same metre and rhyme scheme as Saare Jahan Se Achcha, but which renounced much of the sentiment of the earlier song. For example, the sixth stanza of Saare Jahan Se Achcha (1904) is often quoted as proof of Iqbal’s secular outlook:

mażhab nahīñ sikhātā āpas meñ bair rakhnā
hindī haiñ ham, vat̤an hai hindostāñ hamārā

or,

Religion does not teach us to bear ill-will among ourselves
We are of Hind, our homeland is Hindustan.

In contrast, the first stanza of Tarana-e-Milli (1910) reads:

chīn-o-arab hamārā, hindostān hamārā
muslim hain ham, vatan hai sārā jahān hamārā

or,

Central Asia and Arabia are ours, Hindustan is ours
We are Muslims, the whole world is our homeland.

Iqbal’s world view had now changed; it had become both global and Islamic. Instead of singing of India, “our homeland,” the new song proclaimed that “our homeland is the whole world.”

In spite of its creator’s disavowal of it, Saare Jahan Se Achcha has remained popular in India for over a century. Mahatma Gandhi is said to have sung it over a hundred times when he was imprisoned at Yerawada Jail in Pune in the 1930s.

Urdu text

سارے جہاں سے اچھا ہندوستاں ہمارا
ہم بلبليں ہيں اس کي، يہ گلستاں ہمارا

غربت ميں ہوں اگر ہم، رہتا ہے دل وطن ميں
سمجھو وہيں ہميں بھي، دل ہو جہاں ہمارا

پربت وہ سب سے اونچا، ہمسايہ آسماں کا
وہ سنتري ہمارا، وہ پاسباں ہمارا

گودي ميں کھيلتي ہيں اس کي ہزاروں ندياں
گلشن ہے جن کے دم سے رشک جناں ہمارا

اے آب رود گنگا، وہ دن ہيں ياد تجھ کو؟
اترا ترے کنارے جب کارواں ہمارا

مذہب نہيں سکھاتا آپس ميں بير رکھنا
ہندي ہيں ہم وطن ہے ہندوستاں ہمارا

يونان و مصر و روما سب مٹ گئے جہاں سے
اب تک مگر ہے باقي نام و نشاں ہمارا

کچھ بات ہے کہ ہستي مٹتي نہيں ہماري
صديوں رہا ہے دشمن دور زماں ہمارا

اقبال! کوئي محرم اپنا نہيں جہاں ميں
معلوم کيا کسي کو درد نہاں ہمارا

Roman Transliteration

sāre jahāñ se achchā hindostāñ hamārā
ham bulbuleñ haiñ us kī vuh gulsitāñ hamārā

ġhurbat meñ hoñ agar ham, rahtā hai dil vat̤an meñ
samjho vuhīñ hameñ bhī dil ho jahāñ hamārā

parbat vuh sab se ūñchā, hamsāyah āsmāñ kā
vuh santarī hamārā, vuh pāsbāñ hamārā

godī meñ kheltī haiñ us kī hazāroñ nadiyāñ
gulshan hai jin ke dam se rashk-e janāñ hamārā

ay āb-rūd-e gangā! vuh din haiñ yād tujh ko?
utarā tire kināre jab kāravāñ hamārā

mażhab nahīñ sikhātā āpas meñ bair rakhnā
hindī haiñ ham, vat̤an hai hindostāñ hamārā

yūnān-o-miṣr-o-rumā sab miṭ gaʾe jahāñ se
ab tak magar hai bāqī nām-o-nishāñ hamārā

kuchh bāt hai kih hastī miṭtī nahīñ hamārī
sadiyoñ rahā hai dushman daur-e zamāñ hamārā

iqbāl! koʾī maḥram apnā nahīñ jahāñ meñ
maʿlūm kyā kisī ko dard-e nihāñ hamārā!

Translation

Better than the entire world, is our Hindustan,
We are its nightingales, and it (is) our garden abode

If we are in an alien place, the heart remains in the homeland,
Know us to be only there where our heart is.

That tallest mountain, that shade-sharer of the sky,
It (is) our sentry, it (is) our watchman

In its lap frolic those thousands of rivers,
Whose vitality makes our garden the envy of Paradise.

O the flowing waters of the Ganges, do you remember that day
When our caravan first disembarked on your waterfront?

Religion does not teach us to bear ill-will among ourselves
We are of Hind, our homeland is Hindustan.

In a world in which ancient Greece, Egypt, and Rome have all vanished without trace
Our own attributes (name and sign) live on today.

Such is our existence that it cannot be erased
Even though, for centuries, the cycle of time has been our enemy.

Iqbal! We have no confidant in this world
What does any one know of our hidden pain?

Notes and References

1. ^ a b c Pritchett, Frances. 2000. “Tarana-e-Hindi and Taranah-e-Milli: A Study in Contrasts.” Columbia University Department of South Asian Studies.
2. ^ a b c Iqbal: Tarana-e-Milli, 1910. Columbia University, Department of South Asian Studies.
3. ^ Although “Chin” refers to China in modern Urdu, in Iqbal’s day it referred to Central Asia, coextensive with historical Turkestan. See also, Iqbal: Tarana-e-Milli, 1910. Columbia University, Department of South Asian Studies.
4. ^ Pritchett, Frances. 2000. Tarana-e-Hindi and Tarana-e-Milli: A Close Comparison. Columbia University Department of South Asian Studies.
5. ^ A look at Iqbal; The Sunday Tribune - May 28, 2006
6. ^ Times of India: Saare Jahan Se…, it’s 100 now
7. ^ Indian Military Marches.
8. ^ India Empowered to Me Is: Saare Jahan Se Achcha, the home of world citizens
9. ^ “Here it is to be pronounced not ‘gu-lis-taa;N’ as usual, but ‘gul-si-taa;N’, to suit the meter.” From: Pritchett, F. 2004. “Taraanah-i-Hindii” Columbia University, Department of South Asian Studies.
10. ^ Pronounced “tiray” to suit the meter, in contrast to the usual “tayray.” From: From: Pritchett, F. 2004. “Taraanah-i-Hindii” Columbia University, Department of South Asian Studies.
11. ^ Pronounced “rumā” instead of “romā” to suit the metre.

See also

• Iqbal bibliography
• List of patriotic songs
• Vande Mataram
• Amar Shonar Bangla
• Jana Gana Mana
• Qaumi Tarana

External links

• Geet Ganga: Audio Version of Sare Jahan Se Acha - Available for Download
• Music India Online: Saare Jahan Se Achcha
• Raaga: Patriotic Songs Vol. 6 (2003) - Sare Jahan Se Achcha (Instrumental)

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saare_Jahan_Se_Achcha”
Categories: Poetry by Muhammad Iqbal | Indian patriotic songs | Indian culture | National symbols of India | Literature of Indian independence movement

Shyamji Krishna Varma (Shyamji Krishna Nakhua) (1857 - 1930) was an Indian scholar, lawyer, nationalist and a journalist who founded the Indian Home Rule Society, India House and The Indian Sociologist in London. A graduate of Balliol College, Krishna Varma was a noted scholar in Sanskrit and other Indian languages. He pursued a brief legal career in India and served as the Divan of a number of Indian princely states in India. In 1905 he founded the India House and The Indian Sociologist, which rapidly developed as an organised meeting poimt for radical nationalists among Indian students in Britain at the time, and one of the most prominent centres for revolutionary Indian nationalism outside India. Most famous among the members of this organisation was V.D. Savarkar. Krishna Varma himself moved to Paris in 1907, fearing prosecution. He died in 1930.

Contents

• 1 Early life
• 2 Balliol
• 3 Legal career
• 4 Nationalism
• 5 England
• 6 Political Activism
  • 6.1 Indian Home Rule Society
  • 6.2 India House
  • 6.3 Paris
• 7 Post WWI
• 8 Death and commemoration
• 9 See also
• 10 References
• 11 External links

//

Early life

This article does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed. (June 2008)

Shyamaji Krishna Varma was born October 30th, 1857 in Mandvi, Kutch province, the son of, Karasan Bhanushali (Karasan Nakhua, Nakhua is the specific surname while is the community Name), a labourer for cotton Press Company and Gomatibai, his mother who died when Shyamaji was only eleven years old. He was raised by his grandmother. After completing secondary education in Bhuj he went to Mumbai for further education at Wilson High School. Whilst in Mumbai he learnt Sanskrit.

In 1875 Shyamaji married to Bhanumati, a daughter of a wealthy businessman of the Bhatia community and sister of his school friend Ramdas. Then he got in touch with the nationalist Swami Dayananda Saraswati, a radical reformer and an exponent of Vedas, who had founded of Arya Samaj. He became his disciple and was soon conducting lectures on Vedic Philosophy and Religion. In 1877, a public speaking tour secured him a great public recognition all over Bharat. He became the first non-Brahmin, to receive the prestigious title of Pandit by the Pandits of Kashi in 1877. He came to the attention of Professor Monier Williams, an Oxford Professor of Sanskrit who offered Shyamaji a job as his assistant.

Balliol

Shyamji arrived in England and joined Balliol College on 25 April 1879 with the recommendation of Professor Monier Williams. Passing his B.A. in 1883, he presented a lecture on “the origin of writing in India” to the Royal Asiatic Society. The speech was very well received and he was elected a non-resident member of the society. In 1881 he represented India at the Berlin Congress of Orientalists.

Legal career

He returned to India in 1885 and started practice as a lawyer. Then he was appointed as Diwan (chief minister) by the King of Ratlam State; but ill health forced him to retire from this post with a lump sum gratauity of RS 32052 for his service. After a short stay in Mumbai he settled in Ajmer, headquarters of his Guru Swami Dayananda Saraswati, and continued his practice at the British Court in Ajmer. He invested his income in three cotton presses and secured sufficient permanent income, to be independent for the rest of his life. He served for the Maharaja of Udaipur as a council member from 1893 to 1895, followed by the position of Diwan of Junagadh State. He resigned in 1897 after a bitter experience with the British agent which shook his faith in British Rule.

Nationalism

Krishna Varma was very much impressed with Lokmanya Tilak and supported him during the Age of Consent bill controversy of 1890. However, he rejected the petitioning, praying, protesting, cooperating and collaborating policy of the Congress Party, which he considered undignified and shameful. In 1897, following the atrocities inflicted by the British Government during the plague crisis in Poona, he supported the assassination of the Commissioner of Plague by the Nathu brothers but he soon decided to fight for Indian Independence in Britain.

England

Upon his arrival in London, he stayed at the Inner Temple and studied Herbert Spencer’s writings in his spare time. In 1900 he bought an expensive house in Highgate. His home became a base for all political leaders of India. Gandhi, Lenin, Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, etc., all visited him to discuss the Indian Independence Movement. Avoiding the Indian National Congress, he kept in contact with rationalists, free thinkers, national & social democrats, socialists, Irish republicans etc.

Shyamji was inspired by the philosophy of Herbert Spencer. At Spencer’s funeral in 1903, he announced the donation of £1,000 to establish a lectureship at University of Oxford in tribute to him and his work. A year later he announced that Herbert Spencer Indian fellowships of RS 2000 each were to be awarded to enable Indian graduates to finish their education in England. He also announced additional fellowship in memory of the late Swami Dayananda Saraswati, the founder of Arya Samaj, along with another four fellowships in the future.

Political Activism

In 1905, Shyamji focussed his activity as a political propagandist and organiser for the complete independence of India. Shyamji made his debut in Indian politics by publishing the first issue of his English monthly, The Indian Sociologist, an organ of freedom and of political, social and religious reform. This was an assertive, ideological monthly aimed at inspiring mass opposition to British rule, which stimulated many intellectuals to fight for the freedom of India.

Indian Home Rule Society

On 18 February 1905 Shyamji inaugurated a new organisation called The Indian Home Rule Society. The first meeting, held at his Highgate home, unanimously decided to found “The Indian Home Rule Society” with the object of:

1) Securing Home Rule for India

2) Carrying on Propaganda in England by all practical means with a view to attain the same.

3) Spreading among the people of India the objectives of freedom and national unity.

India House

As many Indian students faced racist attitudes when seeking accommodations, he founded India House as a hostel for Indian students, based at 65, Cromwell Avenue, Highgate. This living accommodation for 25 students was formally inaugurated on 1st July by Henry Hyndman, of the Social Democratic Federation, in the presence of Dadabhai Naoroji, Lala Lajpat Rai, Madam Cama, Mr. Swinney (of the London Positivist Society), Mr. Harry Quelch (the editor of the Social Democratic Federation’s Justice) and Charlotte Despard, the Irish Republican and suffragette. Declaring “India House” open, Hyndman remarked, “As things stands, loyalty to Great Britain means treachery to India. The institution of this India House means a great step in that direction of Indian growth and Indian emancipation, and some of those who are here this afternoon may live to witness the fruits of its triumphant success.” Shyamji hoped India House would incubate Indian revolutionaries and Bhikaiji Cama, Sardarsinh Rana, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, Virendranath Chattopadhyaya, and Lala Hardayal were all associated with it.

Later in 1905 Shyamji attended the United Congress of Democrats held at Holborn Town Hall as a delegate of the India Home Rule Society. His resolution on India received an enthusiastic ovation from the entire conference. Shyamji’s activities in England aroused the concern of the British government: he was disbarred from Inner Temple and removed from the membership list on 30 April 1909 for writing anti-British articles in The Indian Sociologist. Most of the British press were anti–Shyamji and carried outrageous allegations against him and his newspaper. He defended them boldly. The Times referred to him as the “Notorious Krishnavarma”. Many newspapers criticised the British progressives who supported Shyamji and his view. His movements were closely watched by British Secret Services, so he decided to shift his headquarters to Paris, leaving India House in charge of Vir Savarkar. Shyamji left Britain secretly before the British Government tried to arrest him.

Paris

He arrived in Paris in early 1907 to continue his work. The British government tried to have him extradited from France without success as he gained the support of many top French politicians. Guy Aldred wrote an article in the Daily Herald under the heading of “Savarker the Hindu Patriot whose sentences expire on 24th December 1960”, helping create support in England too. In 1914 his presence became an embarrassment as French politicians had invited King George V to Paris to set a final seal on the Entente Cordiale. Shyamji foresaw this and shifted his headquarters to Geneva. Here the Swiss government imposed political restrictions during the entire period of the war. He kept in touch with his contacts but he could not support them directly. He spent time with Dr. Briess, president of the Pro India Committee in Geneva, whom he later discovered was a paid secret agent of the British government. This discovery left him emotionally scarred.

Post WWI

He offered a sum of 10,000 francs to the League of Nations to endow a lectureship to be called the President Woodrow Wilson Lectureship for the discourse on the best means of acquiring and safe guarding national independence consistently with freedom, justice, and the right of asylum accorded to political refugees. It is said that the league rejected his offer due to political pressure from British government. A similar offer was made to the Swiss government which was also turned down. He offered another lectureship at the banquet given by Press Association of Geneva where 250 journalists and celebrities, including the presidents of Swiss Federation and the League of Nations. Shyamji’s offer was applauded on the spot but nothing came of it. Shyamji was disappointed with the response and he published all his abortive correspondence on this matter in the next issue of the Sociologist appearing in December 1920, after a lapse of almost 6 years.

Death and commemoration

He published two more issues of Indian Sociologist in August and September 1922, before ill health prevented him continuing. He died in hospital at 11:30pm on March 30, 1930 leaving his wife Shrimati Bhanumati Krishnavarma.

News of his death was suppressed by the British government in India. Nevertheless tributes were paid to him by Sardar Bhagat Singh and his co-revolutionist brothers in Lahore Jail where they were undergoing a long-term drawn out trial. Maratha, a daily newspaper started by Shri Tilak in Marathi, paid very touching tribute to him as a great revolutionary.

Pandit Shyamaji Krishnavarma did not live to witness the independence of Bharat, but his confidence in India gaining its freedom from British rule in future was so strong that he made prepaid arrangements with the local government of Geneva and St Georges cemetery to preserve his & his wife’s ashes (Asthis) at the cemetery for one hundred years and to send their urns to India whenever it became independent during that period. The Congress Party who took over control of India at the end of British rule did not bother to pursue the matter of bringing his ashes for sectarian reasons. Informed about the proposal made by Dr Prithwindra Mukherjee, a Paris based historian, to late Prime Minister Smt Indira Gandhi, in 1980, and by the interest she showed in favour of repatriating these relics, Shri Mangal Lakhamshi Bhanushali of the Shyamji Krishna Varma Smarak Samiti from Mumbai approached Dr Mukherjee in August 1989. Encouraged by the “good news of the progress achieved” through Dr Mukherjee’s “continuous efforts,” Shri Bhanushali in his letter to Dr Mukherjee, dated 9 November 1989, requested him “to activate the concerned Embassy Staff,” which was earnestly followed up by Dr Mukherjee, by contacting the Indian delegations both in Paris and Geneva. Consequently, the joint efforts of Mangal Lakhamshi Bhanushali, Corporator of Mumbai and Trustee of Krishnavarma foundation, Mandavi, Shri Kirit Somaiya, Member of parliament, Mulund, Mumbai, Hemantkumar Padhya, Researcher and founder/President of Hindu Swatantryavir Smruti Sansthanam, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom, Shri Vinod Khanna, MP, Bollywood actor and Minister of External Affairs for the Government of India, Shri Narendra Modi, Chief Minister of Gujarat State and many others, finally succeeded in returning the urns of Pandit Shyamaji and his wife Bhanumati, which were officially handed over to The Chief Minister of Gujarat state on August 22, 2003, by the Ville de Geneve and the Swiss Government fifty five years after Indian Independence.

See also

v • d • e

India House

Indian independence movement (revolutionary) · Shyamji Krishna Varma · Lajpat Rai · Dadabhai Naoroji · Bhikaiji Cama · S. R. Rana · Henry Hyndman · Indian Home Rule Society · V.D. Savarkar · V.V.S. Iyer · V.N. Chatterjee · P.M. Bapat · M.P.T. Acharya · Har Dayal · Madanlal Dhingra · Mohammed Barkatullah · B.C. Pal · G.S. Khaparde · Abhinav Bharat Society · Free India Society · The Indian Sociologist · The Indian War of Independence · Paris Indian Society · Bande Mataram · Talvar · Berlin Committee · more

v • d • e

Hindu–German Conspiracy

Historical context

Indian independence movement (militant) · Shyamji Krishna Varma · Madame Cama · India House · The Indian Sociologist · V. D. Savarkar · Madan Lal Dhingra · M. P. T. Acharya · Delhi Conspiracy · More

Ghadar Party

Lala Hardayal · Sohan Singh Bhakna · P S Khankhoje · UC, Berkeley · Hindustan Ghadar · Ghadar di Gunj · Tarak Nath Das · Guran Ditt Kumar · Baba Gurdit Singh · Komagata Maru · Bhagwan Singh · Ram Chandra · Kartar Singh Sarabha · V. G. Pingle · Kanshi Ram · Agnes Smedley · More

Berlin Committee

Virendranath Chattopadhyay · Champakaraman Pillai · A. R. Pillai · M. P. T. Acharya · Barkatullah · Bhupen Dutta · Mahendra Pratap · Herambalal Gupta · More

Indian figures

Jugantar · Anushilan Samiti · Bagha Jatin · Rash Behari Bose · Sachin Sanyal · Bhavabhushan Mitra · Narendranath Bhattacharya · Giani Pritam Singh · Amarendra Chatterjee · Atul Krishna Ghosh · Deobandi movement · Mahmud al Hasan · Ubaidullah Sindhi · Sufi Amba Prasad · More

German figures

Auswärtiges Amt · Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg · Arthur Zimmermann · Intelligence Bureau for the East · Max von Oppenheim · Franz von Papen · Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff · George Rodiek · Werner Otto von Hentig · Oskar von Niedermayer · More

Irish Republican
figures

Clan Na Gael · Irish Republican Brotherhood · Gaelic American · John Devoy · Joseph McGarrity · Roger Casement · Eamon De Valera · More

Conspiracy

Rabindra Nath Tagore · Annie Larsen plot · SS Maverick  · February plot · Singapore mutiny · Lahore conspiracy trial · Christmas day plot · Silk Letter Conspiracy · Kabul Mission · Provisional Government of India · Hindu German Conspiracy Trial · Kalmyk Project · More

Counter-intelligence

W. C. Hopkinson · John Wallinger · Indian Political Intelligence Office · Basil Thomson · MI5(g) · Vernon Kell · Robert Nathan · Kirpal Singh · Oren · Vincent Kraft · William Wiseman · Charles Tegart · Guy Gaunt · W. Somerset Maugham · Tomáš Masaryk · E. V. Voska · Defence of India Act 1915 · East Persia Cordon

Related topics

Lawrence of Arabia · Amir Habibullah · Third Anglo-Afghan war · Indian National ArmyMontagu-Chelmsford Reforms · Sidney Rowlatt · Rowlatt Committee · Jallianwallah Bagh · Enver Pasha · Khedive Abbas Hilmi · Pan-Asianism · Toyama Mitsuru · Indian Independence League · Indische Legion

v • d • e

Indian independence movement

History

Colonisation · British East India Company · Plassey · Buxar · Anglo-Mysore Wars · Anglo-Maratha Wars (First · Second · Third) · First Anglo-Sikh War · Second Anglo-Sikh War · British India · French India · Portuguese India · more

Philosophies
and ideologies

Indian nationalism · Swaraj · Adi Dharm · Brahmoism · Gandhism · Satyagraha · Hindu nationalism · Indian Muslim nationalism · Swadeshi · Socialism · Khilafat Movement

Events and
movements

Polygar War · Vellore Mutiny · Rebellion of 1857 · Partition of Bengal · Revolutionaries · Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy · The Indian Sociologist · The Sedetious conspiracy · Champaran and Kheda · Rowlatt Committee · Rowlatt Bills · Jallianwala Bagh Massacre · Non-Cooperation · Qissa Khwani bazaar massacre · Flag Satyagraha · Bardoli · 1928 Protests · Nehru Report · Purna Swaraj · Salt Satyagraha · Round table conferences · Act of 1935 · Legion Freies Indien · Cripps’ mission · Quit India · Indian National Army · Bombay Mutiny · Coup d’État de Yanaon · Provisional Government of India

Organisations

Indian National Congress · Anushilan Samiti · Jugantar · India House · Berlin Committee · Ghadar · Home Rule · Khaksar Tehrik · Khudai Khidmatgar · Hindustan Republican Association · Swaraj Party · Indian Independence League · Azad Hind · more

Social reformers

Mahatma Jyotirao Phule · Gopal Ganesh Agarkar · Shahu Maharaj · Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar · Dhondo Keshav Karve · Vitthal Ramji Shinde · Mahadev Govind Ranade · Swami Dayananda Saraswati · Ramakrishna  · Swami Vivekananda · Vinoba Bhave · Baba Amte · Ram Mohan Roy · Balshastri Jambhekar · Gopal Hari Deshmukh

Indian leaders
and activists

Puli Thevar · Yashwantrao Holkar · Veerapandiya Kattabomman · Sangolli Rayanna · Baba Ram Singh · Mangal Pandey · Rae Ahmed Nawaz Khan Kharal‎ · Rani of Jhansi · Bahadur Shah Zafar · Bal Gangadhar Tilak · Gopal Krishna Gokhale · Dadabhai Naoroji · Bhikaji Cama · Shyamji Krishna Varma · Annie Besant · Har Dayal · Subramanya Bharathi · Lala Lajpat Rai · Bipin Chandra Pal · Rash Behari Bose · Chittaranjan Das · Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan · Maulana Azad · Chandrasekhar Azad · Rajaji · Bhagat Singh · Sarojini Naidu · Purushottam Das Tandon · Alluri Sitaramaraju · M. Ali Jinnah · Sardar Patel · Subhash Chandra Bose · Jawaharlal Nehru · Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi · Allama Mashriqi · more

British Raj

Robert Clive · James Outram · Dalhousie · Irwin · Linlithgow · Wavell · Stafford Cripps · Mountbatten · more

Independence

Cabinet Mission · Indian Independence Act · Partition of India · Political integration · Constitution · Republic of India

References

1. ^ a b Qur 2005, p. 123
2. ^ Johnson 1994, p. 119

• Qur, Moniruddin (2005), History of Journalism, Anmol Publications., ISBN 8126123559.
• Johnson, K. Paul (1994), The Masters Revealed: Madame Blavatsky and the Myth of the Great White Lodge, SUNY Press, ISBN 0791420639.

External links

• Shyamji Krishna Varma

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shyamji_Krishnavarma”
Categories: 1857 births | 1930 deaths | Indian people | Revolutionary movement for Indian independence | Indian revolutionaries | Gujarati people | India HouseHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from June 2008 | All articles lacking sources | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since June 2008

Muthappan Temple

A statue in the Parassinikkadavu Snake Park

Muthappan Temple

Parassinkkadavu is a small village about 16 km from Kannur town in the Kannur district of Kerala state, south India. It is a popular tourist destination in north Kerala. It is located at coordintates 11°58′58.73″N, 75°24′7.45″E.

Contents

• 1 Attractions
• 2 Story of Muthappan Madappura Nileshwar
• 3 Photo gallery
• 4 See also
• 5 External links

//

Attractions

Parassinkkadavu is noted for the Parassinikkadavu Snake Park which is committed to the preservation and conservation of snakes. There are about 150 varieties of snakes including the spectacled cobra, King cobra, Russell’s viper, Krait and Pit Viper living in the park.

A research laboratory to extract venom from snakes is proposed here. The park also has a large collection of non-poisonous snakes including pythons.

Parassinikkadavu is also noted for the famous Muthappan temple where people go for worshipping Sree Muthappan. This is the only Hindu Temple in Kerala where a Theyyam performance is a daily ritual offering.

Tradition has it that for the Annual Festival, Ulsavam, of the Muthappan Temple at Parassinikkadavu to start, a procession led by a male member of the “Thayyil” clan of Thayyil, Kannur begins from the family home and terminates at the main altar of the temple with a ‘pooja’ (prayer) to the Gods.

Story of Muthappan Madappura Nileshwar

Several Muthappan Temples are seen in different parts of Kannur and Kasaragod district. This shows the popularity of the God in the minds of the people of these two districts. Each madappura has its own tradition. One interesting story relating to the God Muthappan is about the Nileshwar Muthappan Madappura. The Sree Muthappan temple near National Highway No 17 in Nileshwar has a rich heritage. It indicates philosophical, devotional and educational importance of Nileshwar. There is an interesting story regarding the construction of Sree Muthappan Temple. An elder member of the Koroth family regularly visited the place now known as the Muthappan temple and drank madhu, a kind of intoxicating drink. He was a famous scholar and got the title Ezhuthachan for his commendable achievement as a teacher. Before drinking madhu, as a devotee he poured several drops of madhu on the nearby jackfruit tree as an offering for the god Muthappan. He regularly repeated the practice. Several years after the death of the above mentioned scholar the natives found serious problems and they called upon an astrologer for assistance. The astrologer reveal that as a result of the regular practice of giving madhu to the god Muthappan, the God started residing there. After the death of the scholar, he did not get the madhu, and piqued, he started creating disturbances in the area. To placate him, the natives erected a Muthappan temle there. Koroth family got the right of Koymma in the temple.

As a result of the formation of a committee and the great work done by the members of the committee the temple became famous, and daily hundreds of people visited there. There is a strong belief that the God will cure all diseases and will give prosperity to the devotees. The devotees will get Payakutti from the temple and stood developing as a great temple like the Sree Muthappan temple at Parassini kadavu.

Photo gallery

Muthappan Theyyam as Lord Vishnu

Muthappan Theyyam as Lord Vishnu & Lord Shiva.

Parassinikkadavu Snake Park.

Indian Spectacled Cobra, Parassinikkadavu Snake Park.

Demonstration class in the Parassinikkadavu Snake Park.

Parassinikkadavu Bridge.

A view of Valapattanam river from Parassinikkadavu Bridge.

See also

• Thayyil
• Parassinikkadavu Snake Park
• Sree Muthappan
• Muthappan temple
• Kannur
• Theyyam
• Parassinikkadavu Temple
• Kunnathoor Padi
• Rajarajeshwara Temple
• Thykkandy Madappura
• Sree Muthappan Temple Nileshwar

External links

• Bibliography: Keralathile Nadankalakal by Nandakumar Koroth

Coordinates: 11°58′58.73″N 75°24′07.45″E / 11.9829806, 75.4020694

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parassinikkadavu”
Categories: Tourism in India | Cities and towns in Kerala | Kannur

This article may not meet the general notability guideline or one of the following specific guidelines for inclusion on Wikipedia: Biographies, Books, Companies, Fiction, Music, Neologisms, Numbers, Web content, or several proposals for new guidelines. If you are familiar with the subject matter, please expand or rewrite the article to establish its notability. The best way to address this concern is to reference published, third-party sources about the subject. If notability cannot be established, the article is more likely to be considered for redirection, merge or ultimately deletion, per Wikipedia:Guide to deletion.
This article has been tagged since September 2007.

This article is orphaned as few or no other articles link to it.
Please help introduce links in articles on related topics. (November 2006)

Indian Institute of Skiing and Mountaineering was established in 1969 at Gulmarg by Department of Tourism, Government of India. The Institute is chartered to train skiers and mountaineers from all over the world.

 This article about an education organization is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Institute_of_Skiing_and_Mountaineering”
Categories: Education in Jammu and Kashmir | Tourism in India | Education organization stubsHidden categories: Articles with topics of unclear notability from September 2007 | Orphaned articles from November 2006 | All orphaned articles

Thottada Beach

Thottada Beach(or Kottayamkandy beach) is a beautiful beach in Kannur district of Kerala, south India. It is situated at Thottada just 2 km from the NH 17 connecting Kannur town and Thalassery, it is hardly 7 km from Kannur town. The virgin beach is ideal for sun bathing. Tourists could stay at the beach house or guest house near the beach.

 This article related to a location in Kannur district is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thottada_Beach”
Categories: Kannur geography stubs | Tourism in India | Beaches of India | Kannur